Personalised Learning and the Fourth Industrial Revolution: a conceptual review of definitions, trends and gaps

This conceptual literature review explores the evolution of personalised pearning (PL) through an analysis of 39 research articles indexed in Scopus and Web of Science to delve into its main conceptualisations, trends and challenges. The review was carried out by applying the guidelines of the PRISMA statement to research articles published in indexed journals in both Scopus and Web of Knowledge. Key findings include the historical development of PL, its integration with Fourth Industrial Revolution (FIR) technologies, and emerging trends such as adaptive learning systems. While PL offers transformative potential, significant gaps persist regarding pedagogical implementation and conceptual clarity. This review provides valuable information for researchers seeking conceptual clarity and a common understanding framework to undertake collaborative research processes on personalised learning and the use of FIR technologies.